I'raab in Detail — The Three Declension Types

0:00 The language of Quran, easier than English, lesson 7. Alhamdulillah, by the grace of Allah, we've reached lesson number 7. We started our journey first by making an overview or taking an overview of mapping of the Arabic language, the key components that we needed to learn. In this lesson, inshaAllah, we're going to take a closer look at the subject of i'rāb, which we already started looking at in lesson number 1. Without a proper understanding of this feature or this property of an ism, we cannot make any progress or any significant progress in Arabic. We are in particular going to look at categories of ism and how the different categories of ism express i'rāb in their own unique way.

0:41 Alhamdulillah, by now, you are familiar with the four properties. We've already been introduced to i'rāb. We looked at definiteness in lesson number 2. We looked at gender in lesson number 3. We looked at number in lesson number 4. In number 5, we learned the 14 rafa pronouns, which gave us an overview of number and allowed us to practise them, nominal sentences, as well as alhamdulillah, we've looked at also the descriptive phrase.

1:04 So we've covered a lot already. If you retain this already, alhamdulillah, and also you develop now a better understanding of i'rāb, we'll be now able to do more constructs, understand more sets of words. And of course, by the end of the lesson number 8 and 9, you will be able to recognise something on every line of Quran. So a huge achievement by the grace of Allah Azza wa Jal. So let's begin this lesson with a blessed name of Allah. Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.

1:31 Making the du'a. Rabbi yassir wa la tu'assir wa tammin bil khair. Oh my Rabb, make it easy and not difficult and help me end my affairs with goodness. Alhamdulillah, in lesson 1, we took an overview of the subject of i'rāb. In this lesson, we are going to review what we have learned so far on this topic and develop from there. We know that the i'rāb is the classical feature of Arabic.

1:55 It means to Arabise something. And there can be only three different subcategories as far as i'rāb is concerned. Every ismun, every ism will either be rafa, nasab or jar.

2:08 So this is the symbols that we've been using so far, as you can see here, R, N, and J. And I've also used these arrows to indicate this so far. So we're going to use these terms from now on inshallah, and hopefully by now you're familiar with that. So what it does is actually indicate the role, the function that ism is playing in the sentence.

2:28 And of course, it's translated commonly as case, status. These terms tend to be quite confusing for English speaking students as we don't really use that when it comes to English. So it's talking about the role, the function that the ism is playing in the sentence.

2:42 And again, as I said, it can be rather complex for us because we're English speakers. We don't use this terminology often and it's something quite unique. So we need to take this a bit slower and inshallah ta'ala very soon we'll get used to the idea of what is, when and when, when and how to recognise the irab and what it should be inshallah ta'ala.

3:02 As I said, the only thing you need to know for now, the irab will be either rafa, nasab or jar. In order to move through this subject, which is considered to be complex, in my view alhamdulillah it is not as complex as people fear. I have come up with an acronym which I hope inshallah will help us progress.

3:18 First word we need to understand whenever we look at an ism is what is the role that it is playing in the sentence. The role will tell us what its irab should be and how we see the irab will depend on the category of the ism and of course how it expresses it based on the category. So this is the four words you need to remember, role, irab, category and expression or express.

3:42 So you can see the role will tell us whether the irab should be rafa, nasab or jar. It is the role. Then the category that the ism belongs to will tell us how it should express its irab.

3:56 Does it do it by for example muhammadun, muhammadan, muhammadin or the other ways that we are going to learn in here in this lesson. So it will dictate basically depending on the category it is and then we will see the expression based on that inshallah ta'ala. So if you remember these four words when you approach the topic then the complex topic will become relatively easy.

4:17 To illustrate the link between the role and the irab, we've gone through this sentence many times or this sentence type many times. These are verbal sentences, begins with a verb and I've coloured them in red for your convenience. So if I wanted to say in Arabic and you should be able to do this by now, a boy came, a boy is walad, we all know that inshallah.

4:38 So a boy came will be waladun, why? Because the word walad now is actually doing the action of the verb. The verb is to come. Who came? A boy came. So who did the action? The boy. So that will be rafa. Why rafa? Because it is the doer of the verb, doer of the verb.

4:58 Now in the next sentence I want to say I saw a boy. Now here the doer of the verb is not the boy or a boy, it is I. I'm the one who saw the boy coming. So I saw, so the verb is to see, I saw, what did I see? A boy. Now so of course with nasab it is the object of the verb. The object of the verb is now waladan, waladun, doer, waladan, object. And salamtu ala waladin.

5:30 Why is it waladin? Well it is jar, why is it jar? Because it is coming afterwards like ala. So the role that is playing is coming afterwards like ala. So it will be now in jar. Why it is coming after a preposition, preposition and ala, just one of them. There are others inshallah, don't worry, next lesson we'll pick that up. So now you've got a clear overview that it is the role that dictates which i'arabi should be.

5:56 There are only three and in this case of course there will be different roles indicating different i'arabi. We'll come to that later. But for now you can see that is how we've done it. Now what I'd like you to do is pause the video and then do the following please using the word rajul and zaid. You can see that on the screen there inshallah ta'ala. Please write these sentences down in Arabic.

6:20 The first three are on column B, the next three are on column C. So we have the man came, I saw the man, I gave salam to the man. Please note it's the, not a, as in the a boy. And the next example I've got zaid, which is a proper noun, came, I saw zaid, I gave salam to zaid.

6:38 So please complete this, pause the video and don't come back until you've completed the sentences. So let's go through the answers, ja'a, who came, the man came, arrajulu. Again I hope you can remember this, that you had to get rid of the tanween, rajulun, because of al. Al does not like tanween, so you get rid of it, become ja'arrajulu. Okay, it is the doer, the man is the doer. Ra'aytu, I got arrajula, arrajula, why rajula? Again the tanween's gone because of al, but it is nasab.

7:15 Why nasab? Because it is the object. Salam to ala, and we have arrajuli, alarrajuli, if we say it together, and this is now in jar, again with a single kasra y because of al, and y is a jar because of ala. So this is how you will inshallah analyse text.

7:31 So in the next example, ja'a zaydun, who came, zayd came, I saw zayd, ra'aytu zaydan, salam to ala zaydin, alhamdulillah if you've done that exercise and you've written it down, you got it right, alhamdulillah, you're making very good progress. If you're not writing it down, you're not going to learn, you're just going to watch the videos, and knowledge does not stick to our heart and our mind until we start writing down. Why? Because Allah said so in the Quran.

7:58 Allathee allama bilqalam, the one who taught by the use of pen. So if you and I are not ready to use our pen and a notebook, or paper, or slate board, whatever you've got at your disposal, knowledge is not going to come. You're going to have to strive towards knowledge, and one of the ways is to use your pen.

8:15 May Allah grant us tawfiq. So the summary, the rule indicates the irab, we have so far gone through these already. And this table should be familiar with, do rewrite it, even if you have the book, it's in the book of course, but do rewrite it, because it will help you recall the knowledge.

8:31 And put it in a board, or something on an A4 sheet, and you can refer back to your own notes. You don't have to rewrite all the notes, just simple tables like these are a very helpful reminder. So let me summarise so far, we know that the doer of the verb has to be a rafa.

8:47 How do we know it's rafa? Well for the 85% it will be because of un or u. Okay, that's basically your role and irab category and expression. The example here, a Muslim came. Next one, I saw a Muslim, it's nasab, why nasab? Because of the object, how do I know this category will be either with an or a, and it is nasab.

9:12 And then we have, how do I know it should be jar, because it's coming after words like ala, and of course it should be two kasras or a single one, depending because it is of this category. So that's basically what we know so far. As a quick review, you do also know that not only the doer, but also the subject and the predicate is also rafa.

9:36 Please refer back to lesson number 2, we went through, for example, let me write one here for you, hamidun, hamidun talibun, hamid is a student. I hope inshallah you have no problem recognising that here, hamid is rafa, and also talibun is also rafa, and of course the gender matches and the number matches, and this one is definite, and this one is indefinite. So we've got the four properties there inshallah, which makes it very easy for us to understand.

10:19 So so far we know that a doer is rafa, subject is rafa, predicate is rafa. We only know one object is nasab, and we know that after ala, or words like ala, it will be jar. There's also the possessive, which makes it jar.

10:35 Possessive, we've already done a couple of examples, but just for your information, when I say, for example, the teacher's pen, this teacher's pen, so this is possessive, the teacher owns the pen. So the owner will be in possessive. So we'll talk about that inshallah in lesson number 10 and 11.

10:52 So just an overview of where we are, just for your information, there are grammarians in Arabic divide the categories of, sorry, the roles of ism that go into rafa as 8, and nasab as 12, and jar as 2. So inshallah by the end of lesson number 10, we will cover all the different variations of jar. Nasab we're going to cover some of them in the book 1, the rest will be covered in book 2, because it's more to do with verbs. And of course, most of these 8 will also be covered in our studies.

11:27 So that's how we're going to approach a very complex subject inshallah. And again, always make dua if you find subject difficult, and always, always practise, you will not learn anything without practising. The category of the ism will tell us how it will express its a'rab.

11:42 So so far we are familiar with the following, that the 85%, which is the bulk of them in rafa, they will end with, for example, muslimatun kitabun al-masjidu. So the tanween with two damas, or a single one because of al, will indicate that it is rafa. And the same is the case with nasab, muslimatan kitaban al-masjida.

12:05 Please note al-masjida, kitaban, one disappearing, and this will be your nasab. And muslimatin kitabin al-masjidi will be your jar. So the category 85% uses tanween, or the singular vowel, in the case of al, to express its a'rab. However, we know that already from our lesson number four, but there are other words that don't express their a'rab like un and in. For example, we already know, alhamdulillah, the following. For example, muslimani, muslimayni, muslimayni.

12:46 So the duals express their a'rab by letters of the alphabet in combination with some vowel signs. So ani, ayni, ayni. And then the plural also, the sound masculine plural, una, muslimuna, muslimina, muslimina. Okay, these are your sound masculine plurals. And of course, lastly on this table, we have sound feminine plurals, which you can see here, muslimatun, muslimatin, and we have muslimatin. So atun, atin, atin.

13:25 In these cases, of course, the nasab and jar is the same for the dual, the sound masculine plural, sound feminine plural. If you're just on this video and haven't seen the previous one, please go back to lesson number four, and on the playlist, and in the description, I put all the details, inshallah, you'll find them sequential orders there in the playlist, inshallah. So this is what we are familiar with.

13:44 We know that only 85% go, for example, muhammadun, muhammadan, muhammadin. There are other categories, they express different ways. These three are called special. So in this lesson, inshallah, we're going to summarise these. So whenever you come across an ism in the Quran or the hadith or any other Arabic literature that you're studying, you should be able to recognise the irab or at least the role and then the irab by the way it expresses this irab, inshallah. On the 85%, dig a little deeper.

14:14 So we'll begin by looking at the main categories of the expression of irab in this session, inshallah. There are three primary categories of the expression of irab, and that includes first one called munsarif, second one is called ghayru munsarif, and the third one is called mabniyun or mabni. Now there are other terminologies, I'm going to use these just to make life easy for us so we can begin to understand.

14:39 And then we can look at the classical way of dividing, for example, mu'arab and etc. Mu'arab being anything that changes. These are the three subcategories that we will begin with as the division of the words. So munsarif is a word that is your 85% that displays the three different endings in the three different irab. So for example, we're going to call them fully. Ghayru munsarif doesn't do that, they're partly changed, so we're going to call them partly and mabni does not change at all.

15:07 The three key words we need, muhammadun, muhammadan, muhammadin. Three different ways in three different irab. But ghayru munsarif, it is not ibrahimun, never. It's ibrahimu, ibrahima, ibrahima. So we're going to call them partly. And then we have non-declining, which is hadha. This does not change. It is hadha in rafa, hadha in nasab, hadha in jar. So all three cases, these are the three primary and the bulk of these are now about 85%, 13% and 2%.

15:40 And that's how we inshallah will divide them. We will pick these up relatively easy. The only one where the categories may confuse you is the partly declining. So I'll go through that in some detail for you inshallah with some basic indications. These are your primary, everything else like the dual, sound masculine plural, sound feminine plural, we're going to call them special cases as they are outside the primary expression of irab. Munsarif, fully declining.

16:07 We're already familiar with these. We know that they take number one and most important thing, they take tanween. So they end with tanween and they have three different endings in the three different irab which we can see. Now we have talibun, exactly the same. So please note, tanween can be at the end of singular words as you can see with the words here, the student. And here, alam, it can also be broken plurals.

16:49 One of the confusion a lot of people make is that tanween is a sign of singular, it is not. Broken plurals can have tanween. So please make a note of that. It could be anything. It could be singular, it could be a proper noun as you can see with hamid. So it covers a wide range of words.

17:05 So this is the munsarif that we've been studying so far, fully declining, changes in three different ways in the three different irab. So your 85% is now in your pocket, inshallah, let's move forward by taking a closer look at two aspects of it. One being that when you write the nasab state which has two fatahs which you can see here inshallah at the end of each one of these, there is an obligatory alif which is a writing rule placed at the end.

17:34 I have mentioned this to you before, now we'll go through the rules and its exception. So this is a writing rule where you always, whenever you have two fatahs and nasab, you will always add this alif. However, there are two occasions when this is not done. There are two occasions. The first occasion is number one, when you have ta marboota. Whenever you have ta marboota, which you can see here, comes in two different ways.

17:59 One, if it's connected, it looks like this, if it's not connected, it's written like this. It looks like the ha without the two dots. When you have the two dots, it's ta marboota, and of course when you read it, you read it as a ha, if you don't pronounce the vowel. So jannah, jannah, jannah in all cases. But of course you're going to read the vowels as we are studying, jannatun, jannatan, jannatin. Again you'll note that there is no alif here at the end.

18:27 So if you see ta marboota with two fatahs, you do not add alif. And again you can see the example here, ayatan and madrasatan, no alif added. So the first exception to the rule, when ta marboota is at the end, no alif is added in the nasab case.

18:45 The second exception is when you have alif followed by a hamza. Please note it has not just a hamza, it has to have an alif before it. So we can see here again, sama'an, ma'an, jaza'an, there is no alif at the end.

19:02 So if an alif comes before the hamza, it's only with the hamza, if the alif comes before the hamza, you will not add an alif at the end of the word, like we've done in the previous example. So please make a note of this second exception. So beware the two exceptions, otherwise you're always right.

19:20 Some students do get confused with these types of words when they see hamza followed by alif. But please note the rule I told you, it has to be alif followed by hamza, alif followed by hamza. Then you will know that su'un, there is no alif before, there is a waaw, shai'un, there is a yaa, no alif.

19:39 So therefore in this case you do need this obligatory alif at the end, it's only when ta marbu ta or alif followed by hamza, in that case you do not add this alif. A very basic rule insha'Allah, but it's something that you need to know as you'll be able to write Arabic correctly without making these mistakes insha'Allah. ghairu munsarif, partly declining.

20:03 And again this is your second category, the one that we're not familiar with so far, and that's about the 13%. So we've done the fuli, and the second one, partly, let's take a closer look at the partly declining. Now we know muhammadun, muhammadan, muhammadin. They take tanween, there are three different ways. But the word ibrahimu, or the name Ibrahim, does not take tanween. Please note that the most important feature, it will not take tanween.

20:30 And it does not take kasra when jar, this is a big one for you. So far you've been seeing kasra, jar, kasra, jar, or two kasras, jar, this is not the case. So you see here, ibrahimu, ibrahima, and you can see in the jar it is ibrahima.

20:47 So the nasab and the jar ending is the same, both with a single fatha, that's the way it is for these types of words, ghairu munsarif, you're 13%. Zainabu, zainaba in nasab, zainaba in jar. Zainabu, rafa, zainaba, nasab, zainaba, jar. Akbaru, akbara, akbara, akbara jar, akbara nasab. Masajidu, masajida, masajida. Please pay attention to this point, again I repeat, they include singular words like greater here which you can see, as well as mosques, which is a broken plural.

21:26 So broken plural can be munsarif, they can be ghairu munsarif. Broken plurals can take tanween, they can also be those that don't take tanween. So I did mention to you right at the beginning that when we did broken plurals, pay attention to them because they can come in many different patterns, many different endings.

21:46 So for now, most important to note is those that are ghairu munsarif will not take tanween and nor take kasra and jar. If you got those two points, then inshallah the rest will be relatively easy. So the ghairu munsarif are your 13%, so let's quickly go through how to recognise them.

22:07 Now in the grammar books you will find detailed notes and nine groupings of categories and then some of them because of one reason, some of them because of two, they become ghairu munsarif or they're treated as ghairu munsarif. Now this is very complex, why? We're only on the seventh lesson. Without learning all the different categories and types and shapes, you're not going to be able to make sense of that approach.

22:28 And learning that at the beginning, I believe, is not going to yield you the best results. Even though you'll find books with these rules there, most of the rules will end up confusing you. So I'm going to propose that you just follow my example here of the categories I've set and inshallah that will be enough for you until you get to a level where we can go into some of the advanced stuff and some of the unnecessary rules also because our objective is to learn to use them, not necessarily memorise patterns and rules parrot fashion without really understanding how they work.

22:58 So let's quickly go through the categories of isms that will be ghairu munsarif, i.e. will not take tanween nor will they take a kasra injar. Just the categories, types, also as a general guide. The first being most names of prophets. Number two, names of angels. Names of places, non-Arabic names. By that I mean names that are not originally Arabic.

23:24 For example, Prophet Ibrahim, his name though in Arabic is Ibrahim, but original word was from Hebrew. So that word is not originally Arabic. So those words tend to be ghairu munsarif. Female names of Arabic, female names. So these are Arabic words, Arabic names, but the female names are also ghairu munsarif. And also male names ending with ta marbuta.

23:49 Now we've covered this in lesson number three. I did give you some names which have ta marbuta at the end, and everybody assumes that ta marbuta is a sign of feminine all the time. No, if you separate the real, then you don't have this problem. Again, go back to lesson number three, inshallah. So male names that end with ta marbuta. And any male name that ends with an at the end. For example, Uthman. They also are ghairu munsarif. Then we have scales.

24:15 Remember I introduced you to scales in lesson number six. These shapes of words are also, or scales of words are also ghairu munsarif. Mainly the broken plurals of the scales. And of course we have adjectives. And we also have af'alu. Don't worry, I'll go through these.

24:41 These are just the scales. This is how we're going to develop. Inshallah, when you get to advanced level, these scales will be a great joy for you because you'll be able to work out meanings and deeper understanding of the words as you learn them further. But now just note that these are things that are there in Arabic and it's things that we need to learn. Firstly, names of prophets. There are 25 names of prophets mentioned in the Quran.

25:03 May Allah be pleased with them all. Most of them are ghairu munsarif. So for example, Adamu, Adama, Adama. I hope you can see that. There are no tanween. And it's u, a, a. Isma'ilu, Isma'ila, Isma'ila. Yusufu, Yusufa, Yusufa. And Idreesu, Idreesa, Idreesa. No tanween, no kasra, injar.

25:29 So most of the names of the prophets are ghairu munsarif. I'll give you a summary of the prophets' names at the end, inshallah, of today's session. Just to make sure that you're clear on the different categories of ism and how they express their a'arab.

25:43 But these will express their a'arab by u, a, a. That's all you need to know, inshallah. Not dun, dan, din, as we've seen with the fully declining. There are a few names used in the Quran and hadith for angels that we know of. And all of them are ghairu munsarif. I've given you three here. For example, Jibrilu, Jibrila, Jibrila. Harutu, Mikalu, etc, etc. So names of angels will be ghairu munsarif. Non-Arabic names.

26:14 These are some used in the Quran. Ibleesu, Fir'aunu, Azaru. These are not prophets, of course. Ibleesu shaitaan or the jinn shaitaan. Fir'aun was the ruler of Egypt. So these names that are used in the Quran and hadith, you'll find them. These are also ghairu munsarif because their origin is non-Arabic. Please make a note of these names. And these are the common ones that you'll find in the Quran.

26:38 Masculine names in Arabic that end with ta marbuta. Again, I mentioned this to you also in lesson number three. So we have here a few examples. And these are, of course, names of companions. I think they're very famous names. You should know them all. So, for example, we have talhatu. If I read it without the final vowel, I say talha. But because we're at the final vowel, we're learning talhatu, talhata, talhata.

27:03 No dun, dan, din. This is now tu, ta, ta. And same with hamzatu, hamzata, hamzata. And the other names you can see here. Note them down. Inshallah, any name that you see of a male person that ends with ta marbuta will also be ghairu munsarif. Some more common names end with an sound at the end. So we have here, let's take one example. Salmanu, Salmana, Salmana.

27:32 Okay, Uthmanu. And we have here Imranu, Adnanu. And many other names that end with this ending will also be ghairu munsarif. Arabic names of females are also ghairu munsarif. And I've given you four here, but there are many others. So again, let's take the example, the most famous one as far as Quranic Arabic is concerned. Mariamu, Mariama, Mariama. Please note that. No tanween, no kasra injar. And of course, other names like Khadijatu, Fatimatu, Zainabu, etc., etc. These will be ghairu munsarif. Names of places.

28:09 For example, we have London. Londonu, Londona, Londona. Misru, Misra, Misra, which is used in the Quran. Yathribu, Yathriba, Yathriba. This is the name of the city of the Prophet Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam. Before Islam, later it got renamed as the city of the Prophet. So you can see here, these names of places are treated or are ghairu munsarif. Now we're going to certain words on the scale and pattern. The most important one is Afalu.

28:41 Now if you take a look, this rhymes with words like Akbaru, Asgharu, which are superlatives. So in English, for example, if I say big, bigger, biggest. So these are superlatives. If I say small, smaller, smallest. So smaller is a superlative of small. So in Arabic, it has a specific shape. And the scale is Afalu. So Akbaru, Asgharu, Aghdalu. I hope you can see those three on the screen there, just above here.

29:10 And of course, other words like colours also follow this pattern. Ahmaru, Aswadu, red, black, and many other colours. And names. Ahmadu, and we have here Arshadu, and many other names. So any word on that scale will be ghairu munsarif. So let's take a look. Akbaru, Akbara, Akbara. Ahmadu, Ahmada, Ahmada, red. Ahmaru, Ahmara, Ahmara. So this is the pattern, the scale. I hope this idea of scale now is sinking in. We introduced it first in lesson number six.

29:45 So any words that come in Ism, I should say, that come in this shape, or pattern, or scale, will be ghairu munsarif. Names and adjectives in Arabic that have this ending, Fa'alanu, this shape, Fa'alanu. So Atshanu, Atshana, Atshana. Jaw'anu, Jaw'ana, Jaw'ana. Ghadbanu, Ghadbana, Ghadbana. So you can see, they are describing a condition. So first one is thirsty, hungry, angry. So these words, very common, but they will also be ghairu munsarif. No tanween, no kasra in jarb.

30:25 Next we have the broken plural patterns. You can see here, no tanween, no kasra at the end. Again, no tanween, no kasra at the end. So you can see here, this shape of words, very common. Scholars, we used it, Alhamdulillah, we introduced it in lesson number six as well. The poor. Many words come in this shape, this scale. They are broken plurals, and they will not be taken tanween, nor kasra in jarb. The next pattern, are two examples, common, that you will come across.

31:09 Mosques and schools, these are broken plurals of that scale, will also be ghairu munsarif. And, which is keys. And we have, which is letters. And there are many words on this pattern. And there are special case of plurals. We'll look at them, inshallah, in advanced lessons.

31:30 So these are also called, these are also broken plurals, and ghairu munsarif. Broken plurals can be fully declining, partly declining, and some of them don't even change their ending. Please note, in lesson 6.3, we went through those that decline, like the fully declining ones.

31:50 For example, Please refer back to that lesson, if you have not seen it. So, there are ones that will do the fully declining, and of course, in this lesson, we've been going through, in 7.4, in detail, we've been going through, Alhamdulillah, those that are not partly, those are not fully declining, but are partly declining. So these were done in 7.4. And again, they're in the book, as well as this video.

32:17 I've gone through them in detail. And later on, inshallah, we'll cover the pattern that doesn't follow, doesn't change at the end at all. So the broken plural, many patterns, okay, they can be fully declining, partly declining, and some of them won't even change their ending. So, be careful with broken plurals, inshallah. But if you remember these three points, you'll not get confused. Okay, I'd like you to now practise making nine sentences in Arabic, Jumlah Fi'aliyah, the one that with the verb starts.

32:47 Now, we've used this many times. You have three words here, Mahmoodun, Ahmadu, Khadijatu. So, to illustrate how the Munsarif, Munsarif Mahmoodun, and how Ahmad, which is Ghayru Munsarif, express their I'rab in three different ways, in Rafa'a Nasr Ibn Jarr, we will use these sentences.

33:09 Of course, Khadijah is also there in column three. So, pause the video, make sure you write the nine sentences down before continuing. I hope you've done it, and if you do, Alhamdulillah, you will make progress in Arabic very quickly, and you start using your pen. Why? Because Allah says, He is the one who taught by the use of pen. Allathee Allama bin Qalam. So, if you start using your pen, you'll learn quicker, inshallah. So, let's quickly go through the answers. Mahmood came. Ja'a Mahmoodun.

33:43 Ra'aytu Mahmoodan. Sallamtu ala Mahmoodin. Next, who came? Ahmad came. Ja'a Ahmadu. Ra'aytu Ahmada. Sallamtu ala Ahmada. Who came? Khadijah came. Ja'at Khadijatu. Ra'aytu Khadijata. Sallamtu ala Khadijata. So, again, you can see here, nine sentences. Again, you can see the expression of Arab. First column, fully declining. Second and the third, partly declining. I hope, inshallah ta'ala, this is now becoming part of your knowledge base.

34:25 So, quick review of the words that are partly declining. Again, just remember them as a headline. Try to put one example next to each, and that will be enough for you, inshallah, for your notes. And, of course, for you to record. Firstly, most prophets' names. Second, names of angels. Names of places. Non-Arabic names. Female names. Male names that end with ta marbuta. And any name that ends with an or adjectives, of course, is covered here as well. Shapes and patterns.

34:52 Mainly broken plurals. Just put one example next to each one, inshallah, and the adjectives we've already done. And lastly, the af'alu pattern. So, that's it. And once you've got one example next to each, this will now help you recall the main categories of isms that are partly declining. And, again, they're only about 13% of the words from the three primary declensions that we're looking at.

35:18 There are two occasions when an ism that is normally ghayru munsarif will take a kasra in jarab. Now, we've been going on so far, doesn't take kasra, doesn't take kasra. But these are not accepted in the sense that what happens when these two conditions are met, it becomes no longer ghayru munsarif but behaves like munsarif.

35:37 So, let me give you the examples as this might cause you confusion in the future when we come across them. So, the first condition is when a ghayru munsarif word can take al. Please note, majority of the ghayru munsarif are proper nouns. So, you cannot put al in front of London, for example, or Ibrahimu. You cannot say al Ibrahimu. It doesn't happen.

35:58 It doesn't happen in Arabic. It doesn't happen in English. So, when you have a ghayru munsarif word that can take al, for example, here we have al akbaru, al akbara, same as akbaru, akbara in rafa and nasab, akbara in jarab. But if it takes al, it becomes akbari, akbari. Same thing with the word, as you can see here, al fuqara'i and then al ulama'i. So, in jar, it is taking kasra, whereas if it didn't have al, it wouldn't.

36:32 So, what's happened? We say that it has now lost its quality of being ghayru munsarif. It has become munsarif, i.e. fully declining, fully declining. And that's all that's happened here. Please note it. Now, we've already seen the power of al before. When al is used with a word with tanween, the tanween disappears. Remember that? Here, when al comes to a ghayru munsarif word, it forces it to become munsarif, fully declining. And that's the easiest way to remember it. And it's a very simple rule, insha'Allah.

37:03 But you will see it in forthcoming lessons, that ghayru munsarif word becoming fully munsarif because they've taken al. The second reason when a ghayru munsarif ismul will become like munsarif and take a kasra in jar is when it becomes mudaaf. We haven't studied it yet. Insha'Allah, it's coming. So, take the example here to fee masajida. Fee is like the word ala, a preposition.

37:31 So, the word after it must be in jar. So, this word is jar. Why is it expressing jar with a fatha? Because of the category. The category belongs to is ghayru munsarif. But in the same structure, I have fee masajidi. Fee masajidi is exactly the same. This word is jar because of fee. But this time, we're seeing kasra. Why? Because this word is called mudaaf, mudaaf ilayhi, which will be studied, insha'Allah, in lesson number 10.

38:00 So, fee masajidi al iraqi. I prayed, for example, sallaytu, I prayed in the mosques of Iraq. So, this is called the idaafa construct. So, when it becomes mudaaf, it will lose its quality of being ghayru munsarif and it will become fully declining. So, we will be looking at this, insha'Allah, in particular, lesson number 10.4 with example 7 and 8, which is in the book, if you got the book, insha'Allah. But, again, please note, these are little things that may have caused you confusion in the future.

38:30 So, please note, as a rule, when it takes al or becomes mudaaf, it will lose its quality of being ghayru munsarif. It will become fully declining. And that is what we are seeing on the screen. Now, let's look at mabni. Mabni is about 2% of the word. These are the words that are non-declining. They do not change in any iraab. They remain the same, rafa, nasa, bin jar. They're about 2% of the words.

38:55 And, again, these are the three primary, fully, partly, and non. 2% are non-declining. And we'll take a look at non-declining. Now, here are the categories that form these non-declining words. These are the main six. Let me go through them. Any word that is the pointing word, this, that, these, those, etc. So, these are called pointing words. Except for the duals. Duals are always duals. They will not change in any iraab. So, for example, here we see hatha, hatha, hatha.

39:28 Whether it is rafa, nasa, or jar. Relative pronouns, mentioned in lesson number two. We have allatheena, allatheena, allatheena. Pronouns, we've mentioned in lesson number five. These are always rafa. And these ones, we'll learn, inshallah, from next lesson, can be nasa or jar. So, they don't change. Question words, like man, a few of them. Man, ma, they don't change. So, they'll be exactly the same. Some adverbs, like itha, itha, itha. And some words which are called verb-like words.

40:00 Verbal nouns. Ameen, ameen, ameen. No change at the end. Exactly the same in all three iraab. So, these are called your mabni. These are about two percent of the words. And again, alhamdulillah, they're not much to remember. But they're iraab. Whenever they are, rafa, nasa, or jar, whatever they are, sorry, rafa, nasa, or jar, they will not change. They will remain fixed. So, there's two examples here. We see hadhihi, hadhihi, hadhihi.

40:31 Allatheena, allatheena, allatheena. Again, as a side note, please note, a lot of the confusion happens when people think that the final vowel sign is iraab. Now, if that is the case, in this case, with hadhihi, kasra, you'll assume that all of them are jar. That is not the case. This is mabni. Mabni on a kasra. So, they will not change. So, just by seeing kasra, you cannot assume it to be jar. Second thing we have, allatheena ends with a fatha.

40:57 It's fixed. Doesn't matter whether it's rafa, nasa, or jar. So, they will remain in the same iraab. So, please make a note of these points, inshaAllah ta'ala. These words are mabni. They do not change their ending. Now, of course, the question comes, how do I know whether it is rafa, nasa, or jar? Very easy. If you follow the following steps. You look at the role that it is doing.

41:17 If it's the subject, it will definitely be rafa. Okay, if it's coming after a word like ala, it will definitely be jar. If it's the object, it will be nasa. And that's how you work it out. So, the iraab will be dictated to us by the role. And then, the category here being mabni, they will not change. So, the expression of iraab will not be seen. It will be the same in all three. And that's how you logically get around complexities of this topic, inshaAllah.

41:43 Again, please note, mabni do not change whether they are rafa, nasa, or jar. So, let's illustrate this by example. We're going to look at our famous sentence again. I've given you the first one, which is Zaid came, then I've got Ibrahim. Remember the type of word Ibrahim is? Go back and look, and complete the three sentences. And then, this might sound strange in English, this came, I saw this, I gave salam to this.

42:10 This is hadha, which you can see written on the top of the screen. Here, inshaAllah. So now, complete these six sentences. Please, pause the video. Don't come back until you've written them down. I hope and pray you've done the basic exercise. Let's quickly take a look at the answers. Ibrahim came. Zaid came. Zaid came. Ibrahim came. Ibrahim came. Note and read. I saw Ibrahim. I saw Ibrahim.

42:45 Note the difference with I saw Zaid. I gave salam to Zaid becomes I gave salam to Ibrahim. Ibrahim does not take a kasra in jar. He came. This came. This. I saw this. I saw this. I gave salam to this. So if you've written it down, the knowledge will be in your knowledge base, inshaAllah. Let's continue. You can see here how we can tell, again very simply, roll, a'rab, a category, expression.

43:17 Rice. That's all you need to deal with a complex topic like a'rab. There are certain isms that end with an alif at the end and they are treated as if they are mabni. They can change under certain circumstances but normally they do not change. So for example, we have Moosa. Moosa. Moosa. So they do not change their ending. Then we have Mauta. Mauta. Mauta. Please note this is a broken plural.

43:46 So broken plurals are fully declining, partly declining, and some of them behave like mabni where they do not change their ending. So be careful once more, one more time, inshaAllah, on this particular topic. So these are words that will be the same whether rafa, nasab or jarb.

44:02 So again, what I'd like you to do is take a look at the screen here. I've done them all three and I hope this inshaAllah illustrates for you how simply you can approach it and of course the role, the irab, the category and the ism, the category and the expression is very clear for you to note. Ja'a Moosa Ra'aytu Moosa Salamtu ala Moosa Please do take time to rewrite these sentences inshaAllah.

44:30 So these are your three primary ways of declension. We have Munsarif Fully declining 85% Muhammadun Muhammadan Muhammadin Partly declining 13% Ibraheemu Ibraheema Ibraheema Never take kasra in jarb and do not take tanween. Haaza Haaza Haaza Your mabni your third one which is only about 2% of the words and I've given you the six categories which is in the video itself.

45:05 That's it alhamdulillah as far as the primary ones are concerned. All the others are called secondary or we call them special cases like the duals, the sound masculine plurals, sound feminine plurals and there are a few other categories which I'll share with you inshaAllah in the next video. We'll conclude this part inshaAllah with a quick overview of the names of the prophets.

45:26 May Allah's peace and blessings be upon them all. We begin alhamdulillah as we've already looked at the prophets' names that are all ghayru munsarif which is about 14 of them I believe and they do not take tanween or kasra injar. So for example, you'll never see in surah Yusuf Yusufun okay? You'll be Yusufu Yusufa Yusufa Rafana sub injar So this is very very important for you to note the first set of the names of the prophets.

45:53 Then we have six prophets six which are fully declining and they are Nuhun Lutun Hudun Salihun Shu'ibun and of course Muhammadun Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam Salihun Shu'ibun Muhammadun are Arabic names Nuhun Lutun Hudun are yes, non-Arabic in their nature but they go into another sub-rule they're made of three words the middle word being sukoon etc. We don't need to note that all you need to know that these are the six that are fully declining the other 14 are partly declining. We also have some prophets' names that don't change their ending Musa Isa Yahya Zakariya You can see these prophets' names which end with an alif and they do not change their ending.

46:42 There's one prophet which is mentioned in the Quran Dhul-Kifl Now Dhul-Kifl actually is a name that is combined of two words We look at that in the Mudaf Nidaf Ilayhi lessons 10 and 11 So it's not a one word name it's actually made up of two words it's a Idafah structure So that's the only exception as far as I know So this is the way Insha'Allah you can easily overcome and since we are learning Arabic to understand Quran these names especially the name of Musa you

see it frequently in the Quran So Insha'Allah beware that the prophets' names decline in all technically all three primary ways Alhamdulillah We reached the end of the video May Allah bless you with the very best in this world and the hereafter for your good intention to learn Arabic to understand Quran Do continue to give your feedback Like, share and subscribe with others so others can benefit Insha'Allah May Allah grant us Tawfiq to continue delivering these lessons Until the next video Asalaamu Alaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh