I'raab — The Case System of Arabic

0:00 As-salāmu ʿalaykum, welcome to the Language of Qur'ān, Lesson 1, Part 2, bismillāhir-raḥmānir-raḥīm Let us begin in the blessed name of Allah, seeking His mercy, His forgiveness and His guidance. We are going to introduce you now to the topic of I'rāb. I'rāb is the classical feature of the Arabic language, without which we cannot really understand any piece of Arabic text, nor can we translate any section, any āyah, any line of Qur'ān or ḥadīth or any other literature that we look at.

0:33 So let's begin by looking first at the unique feature, classical feature of Arabic, I'rāb. Alhamdulillah, you should already be familiar with this diagram. Here we illustrate for you that there are four properties of every ism. Every noun plus in Arabic has four properties. Definiteness, gender, number and of course I'rāb, which we are going to look at in this session. Now, as far as definiteness is concerned, it is either definite or indefinite, gender, masculine or feminine.

1:05 As far as number is concerned, it is either singular, dual or plural. And now we are going to have I'rāb. I'rāb is only three options, rafa, nasab or jar.

1:15 For now, just note r, n and j as your short form until we go through the topic in some detail. Definiteness, we are going to introduce insha'Allah in detail in lesson number two, gender in lesson number three and number in lesson number four. And here we are going to introduce you to I'rāb, which is the classical feature of the Arabic language.

1:38 Alhamdulillah, every one of us, every Muslim, we use some Arabic every day of our life. In our daily prayers, Quran recitation, du'as, etc. We are already or we have already been using the subject of I'rāb. We may or may not understand it. Let me give you some basic examples from everyday Arabic that we use. The first example we have, Muhammadun, Rasoolullah. Read it together, Muhammadun Rasoolullah. Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. In the second example I have, Ash'hadu anna Muhammadan Rasoolullah.

2:17 I bear witness that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. In the third example I have, Allahumma salli ala Muhammadin. So you can see in the three examples, I have Muhammadun, Muhammadan and Muhammadin very clearly seen. There are some changes at the end. In the first example, Muhammadun. In the second example, Muhammadan.

2:41 In the third example, Muhammadin. But if you look closely at the English translation, you will see that in all three, the English translation remains exactly the same. There is absolutely no change in the English translation, even though in the Arabic they look like three different words. Or at least you would admit, same word with completely or three different distinct endings. And this is I'arab. We can see this insha'Allah ta'ala.

3:09 First example, Muhammadun, it is said to be Rafah. Muhammadan, it is labelled as Nasab. And third, we have Muhammadin, it is called Jar. So this is the introduction to I'arab that you can see here, the same word with three different examples, three different endings. In all three, in the Arabic sentences we have change, in the English we don't. With the name Muhammad, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him.

3:37 Now this is not only the case with the word Muhammad, but also many other words in the Arabic language. Let's take one more example insha'Allah. In the first example we have, La ilaha illallah. There is nothing worthy of worship except for Allah. In the second example I have, Inna allaha ma'as sabireen. Indeed, Allah is with those who are patient. Allah is with those who are patient. In the third example, A'oozu billahi minash shaytaanir rajeem. I seek refuge with Allah from shaytaan, the outcast.

4:16 Again, you can see the word, the glorious word for Allah, the Jalala is being translated in English with simply the word Allah. There is no change in the English translation, whereas in Arabic we have Allahu, Allaha, and we have Allahi. So we have three different examples. In all three, in Arabic there is a change, in English there is no change in the translation. And of course, they're labelled exactly as we've seen previously. So we have Rafa, Nasab, or Jar.

4:49 In one of the three states, or one of the three examples, or one of the three endings, that we can see the word Allah. In the next three examples, we'll take from everyday Arabic, Ja'a muslimun. A Muslim came. Again, please note the ending of the word Muslim is ending with un sound. And the second example I have, Ra'aytu, which means I saw, musliman. I saw a Muslim. In the third example, Salamtu ala muslimin. I gave Salam to a Muslim. I gave Salam to a Muslim.

5:26 So we will see three different endings for the word Muslim. But in the English example, it's a simple translation, Muslim, Muslim, Muslim. So we have muslimun, musliman, and we have muslimin. Again, exactly the same principle as we've seen before. Rafa, Nasab, and Jar. So when the word Muslim changes to un, we have the example of Rafa. When it changes to an, we have the example, it is called Nasab. And when it changes to in, we call it Jar. So this is the three different A'arab.

6:01 This is the three different A'arab of a noun, Rafa, Nasab, or Jar. So every ism, every noun plus, will be in one of these three states, cases, whatever translation you use for A'arab, it will be in one of these three. We will use the Arabic terminology inshallah as it is easier in the long term. So Rafa, Nasab, or Jar. So what is A'arab? A'arab literally means to Arabise something. It is a classical feature of Arabic.

6:35 It indicates the status, case, of an ism, which we mentioned before in the introduction, there are only three types of words in Arabic. We're dealing with ism, the role that it plays in a sentence or within a grammatical structure. And then the feature that is important for you to know, that even though it is translated as case, status, and there are many other translations for it used in the grammar books, it is unique as far as English speaking students are concerned.

7:02 There isn't directly anything that we can see in the English language that is exactly the same as A'arab. And now every language has its feature, whichever language you speak, each language will have their own beauty and style. English has its own style.

7:17 This is the classical feature of the Arabic language. And the subject of A'arab unfortunately causes a lot of problems for English speaking students. Why do the words change their endings? What are the reasons? Why is it happening? How come the same word having three different endings is translated the same way, etc, etc? Please do not worry.

7:38 Inshallah, through the practical examples and through the methodology we're going to follow, what is considered to be a very complex subject, I hope and pray to Allah Azza wa Jal that you'll soon realise it is really a very simple, very beautiful concept. And Inshallah, when you begin to appreciate it, you'll appreciate the beauty of the Arabic language also. So for now, just remember the things that I'm sharing with you.

8:01 Do not try to go too deep into the subject, Inshallah. And through practical examples, as the lessons develop, you'll very soon gain a, I would say a deep understanding, if not mastery of this subject. So not only the examples of the words we've seen, the word Muhammad, the word for Allah and others that change in this way, we can see almost every word that we are going to come across in the Arabic language, or every ism that we're going to come across in the Arabic language, will end in these endings.

8:32 Now this is not every ism, but about 85% of the isms in the Arabic language will end in this way. So we have muslimatun, muslimatan, muslimatin, muslimatun by the way means a female Muslim. And then we have the muslimun, musliman, muslimin. Then we have the hamid, we have hamid, which is a name of a person, a proper noun, also ends with tanween, hamidun, hamidan, hamidin. Then we have the word for book, kitabun, kitaban, kitabin. And then we have masjid, almasjidu, almasjida, almasjidi.

9:06 Please note two points, Inshallah we'll discuss them in more detail later. The first one, when we put double fatha on a word, on an ism, normally we put an alif afterwards, extra alif. This is a very important writing rule in Arabic.

9:22 It is not done when there is tamar buta, for example. But generally you'll always see that extra alif, just in case you're wondering why it's there. Second important thing to note is that when we add al to a word, the tanween is removed and you get a single vowel.

9:39 And that is the reason why masjidun becomes almasjidu, okay. Please don't worry, I'm going to go through all of this in detail, just in case you are wondering why those changes are there on the screen. So almost all, 85% of the ism noun plus that you're going to come across will end with these three different endings.

10:01 Please take a note of that Inshallah, it is a very important feature. We're going to go through some of the explanation shortly. We've noted so far that the ending of the words or endings of ism change, 85% of them change in three different ways to reflect the three different a'rab, rafa, nasab or jar. So the three endings we've seen with un, an, in, muhammadun, muhammadan, muhammadin, allahu, allaha, allahi. And then we've seen muslimun, musliman, muslimin, etc, etc. So these are the three different endings.

10:37 To really to get a grip of the subject of a'rab, all you really need is to remember rice, r-i-c-e, I'm not talking about the eating kind, but the four words rice, r-i-c-e. The first word you need to remember is role. What is the role that ism is playing in the sentence? So the role will indicate the a'rab it should be.

11:01 What we mean by that is the role of the ism indicates its a'rab. Whether it is rafa, nasab or jar will depend on what role that ism is playing in the sentence. So this is the first feature that you need to remember. Role will indicate the a'rab. And then we have the category, the type of word it is, type of ism it is. And it's the category of the ism will tell us how it expresses its a'rab.

11:31 Remember I mentioned 85% of them express their a'rab through un and in and there are others. And so this is what will express the category. So 85% most of them will change with un and in, but there are others that change in different ways.

11:47 And so this is all you need to remember as far as learning the subject of a'rab is concerned. A'rab role will tell us what a'rab it should be. The category of the ism will tell us what the ending will be or what it will look like depending on the a'rab.

12:03 So in this box, in this image insha'Allah we've covered or we captured the most important feature as far as learning this subject is concerned. So the role of the ism dictates its a'rab whether it is rafa, nasab or jar. The category of the ism will govern how to express the a'rab.

12:21 And we will look at this insha'Allah in more detail in lesson number 7. But for now, please note these four words role, a'rab, category, expression. That's all you need to remember. So let's take a first look at what we mean by role.

12:38 Here in the example of the sentence I've given you already, the first sentence I have is jaa'a muslimun, jaa'a muslimun. Now the translation is a Muslim came, a Muslim came. Now here what you need to note, the word muslimun is playing the role of the doer of the verb.

12:59 The verb itself is to come, from one place to another, come. And the person who is doing the act is a Muslim in this case. So the word muslimun is actually acting as the doer of the verb itself. In English of course grammar is called the subject, here we're going to call it the doer. The role of the doer of the verb. And the verb is very clear, it means to come.

13:25 And you will note that the a'rab of the doer is always rafa. Please try to remember this inshallah, one of the most important roles that you're going to learn of a ism, that when it's doing the, when it's the role of the doer of the subject it will always be rafa. Then we have the other important point to note, the rafa is expressed with the ending un sound, but these categories of ism, and that is the 85% of categories that we mentioned earlier.

13:58 So again you can see clearly here, the role, what is the role? The role is now the subject in English and the doer of the verb in the Arabic grammar terminology we will use. And it is expressed through un. So we've got the role, we've got the a'rab is rafa, and the expression, all four points are listed here for our benefit.

14:17 In the second sentence example, we have ra'ay to musliman. Here I've got the translation, I saw a Muslim. Of course from the sentence, hopefully you can easily identify that the doer of the verb now, I saw, is not Muslim. Here I am the doer, okay, I am the doer. Musliman on the other hand is now the object, object of the verb. I saw, so I'm doing the seeing, what did I see? The object is a Muslim.

14:50 So the role has now changed to the object of the verb, to see. And therefore the object is always always nasab in Arabic. Always always nasab in Arabic. So a'rab of the object is always nasab. Again please remember that, as important as the first one, that the a'rab of the, a'rab of the doer is always rafa. And of course, in this type of word, it is expressed with an an sound, which we can see here.

15:23 Okay, very clearly marked, an. So ra'ay to musliman, I saw a Muslim. And you can see here, alhamdulillah, the points that I mentioned earlier, we have the role, what is the role? The object. What should the a'rab be? The a'rab will be nasab. How do we know it is nasab? Because for these categories of ism, it will always end with an, musliman. And therefore we have the rice example again illustrated for our benefit.

15:54 In the third example I have, thallamtu ala muslimin. I gave salam to a Muslim. So I gave salam to a Muslim. Now here, I think you can realise that the doer of the verb here, the verb is to give salam. Who gave salam? I gave salam. So here the word muslim is not the doer.

16:18 Of course it is also not the object, okay, because there is something in between. We have ala in between, which is a preposition in English. So what we can say in this sentence is the doer is still I, as in the second example. And the muslimin is playing the role of coming after a preposition. Please note these points down. After a preposition.

16:42 Is coming after a preposition. Therefore, its arab will always be jar. So any ism, any ism that comes after a preposition, like ala, will always be jar.

16:54 And this is covered in lesson number 8. This is covered in lesson number 8. Those who have the book inshallah you can check there, but don't worry, we will be going through all of them in these videos inshallah. And please note for jar, its expression of jar is in, with the in sound for these categories of ism, which is 85% of most cases. So then again, we have now our three, four points.

17:21 We have the role, which is coming after a preposition. And we have also its arab, which will always be jar. And its expression of arab will be done with in sound. So we have salamtu ala muslimin, I gave salam to a muslim. So here you can see here the three examples. The first one is rafa.

17:43 Again, please note the short form that we will use in the book and also on the screen here to make life easy for us. We will use r for rafa, n for nasab, and j for jar. And with the rafa in most cases I'll put an arrow, up arrow with a nasab side arrow, and a jar I put a down arrow.

18:00 Just for your information, the word rafa means to raise up, nasab means to straighten, and jar means to drag down in arabic. And again, it's linked, alhamdulillah, to understanding of the arab that you can see here in a summary. So it is the role that will indicate what its arab will be, and its category will tell us how it will express the arab.

18:21 And that is the feature that I wanted to explain to you with these three illustrated examples inshallah. I hope it is making sense. So so far we noted there are three different changes.

18:32 Why do the changes happen? Because of the different roles that an ism can play in a sentence. How do we know that the arab is such and such? Well in most cases we can tell very easily by the ending tanween, either it will be un, an, or in, depending on the words, and you can see here, alhamdulillah, all those points illustrated for our benefit. These three sentences were taught to me by my teacher and alhamdulillah I found them very useful in the beginning of my study.

19:00 So again we can see how beautiful those three simple examples are. Instead of saying a muslim came, I want to say a boy came. Or I want to say a man came. Or I want to say Zayd came. Zayd is the name of a man. So I can say, for example, jaa'a waladun. Who came? A boy came. I saw a boy. It will simply become, ra'aytu waladan.

19:23 I gave salam to a boy, salamtu ala waladin. So you can see here how the arab is used. Just for our first lesson, inshallah, I hope you can see how easy it is. All you need is now the vocabulary and you can make these three sentences 100% accurately in the Arabic language. I want to say a man came, instead of saying muslim or waladun, the word for man is rajul. So I will say, jaa'a rajulun.

19:51 I saw a man, ra'aytu rajulan. I gave salam to a man, rajulun. Again you can see here the illustration of the three examples. Waladun, waladan, waladin, rajulun, rajulan, rajulun. I hope inshallah it's relatively easy. Now the word for, sorry, the spelling for Zayd is here.

20:14 And I'm sure you can now do it on your own. I want to say Zayd came, jaa'a, try to say it before I put it on the screen, inshallah, jaa'a zaydun, ra'aytu zaydan, salamtu ala zaydin. And that is how easy it is once you understand what Arab is.

20:35 So we have so far different roles, three only examples here for illustration purposes and I've got three examples plus the word muslim we've already done. So you can see alhamdulillah, this is the secret of Arab, this is what Arab is all about. Inshallah we're going to look at a few more examples before we conclude the lesson but please note this screen as you will find it very very useful in your study.

20:59 To better understand a role of an ism or a role a noun plays in a sentence, we're going to now try to do a comparative study with English and Arabic just to illustrate the subject for us folks. The common language is English and we want to go from English to understanding of Quranic text. So let me tell you the story of Hamid the genius.

21:19 Hamid he likes to invent things, whenever he gets bored he likes to invent things. So he went to the scrapyard, he collected some parts of old cars and he's built a car with his spare parts that he picked up from the junkyard. He's made a very beautiful car, nicely designed with all the features repainted, decorated it and he built a battery system so it will be electronic and he designed it to go to the mosque.

21:46 So it's the holy purpose Alhamdulillah he built this car. His grandfather came along looked at the car and he said look your power that you've given to the car is not enough to get you to the mosque it will run out of fuel, don't do it build a bigger engine but he wasn't he was not going to listen to his grandfather. So he built the car and he started going on a journey.

22:03 So let's pick up the story from there, Hamid was driving to the mosque. So Hamid is the genius, he's got his new car, single person car is driving it to the mosque. Hamid's car run out of fuel meaning the charge he had on it is run out.

22:22 As he was going to the mosque halfway through just as his grandfather predicted his car run out of fuel. Fortunately for Hamid granddad was driving past he saw Hamid he gave Hamid a lift so he didn't miss his Salah. There's always a good good ending to the story inshallah.

22:39 So Hamid was driving to the mosque, Hamid's car ran out of fuel, granddad gave Hamid a lift. In all three of these sentences Hamid the noun Hamid the proper noun Hamid is doing a different role I hope you can see that in the English text itself. So in the first one Hamid is doing the driving so he's the doer of the verb.

23:06 In the second example Hamid is not doing the driving anymore. It is the car that ran out of the fuel. So what is Hamid's role in the sentence? Hamid is the possessor of the car, he owns the car okay. We can say car of Hamid instead of Hamid's car. So he is the possessor of the car. So the role has changed now from doer to possessor.

23:29 In the third one granddad is the doer. So granddad is doing the driving okay gave him a lift. Hamid now is not really the driver or the recipient he is now the object of the verb the object of the verb who gave a lift to whom Hamid. So Hamid received the act of receiving a lift. So in all these three sentences the role of Hamid is completely different. In each one Hamid is doing a different role.

24:02 So in order to express the same thing in Arabic I would have to change the ending of Hamid in all three sentences just to illustrate with the word Hamid only. In the first example I have Hamidun. Why? Because he's doing the act. In the next example I have Hamidin. Why? He's possessing. So possessor role is always car. So he's now possessor of the car. He's not driving the car. He's not receiving the lift. He is the possessor. He owns the car. It's his.

24:34 So the possessor is always car. So it ends with Hamidin. And then granddad gave Hamid a lift. Now here granddad is the doer. He's doing the act of driving giving a lift and Hamid is the object. So it will be Hamidun. And that is the difference between Arabic and English. So Hamidun, Hamidin, Hamidan. In English on the other hand there is no change because in English we use a different structure in order to express the same thing.

25:05 In Arabic we will not know who's doing what unless we know the Arab. So this is the major difference between Arabic and English. However in English if I were to use pronouns instead of Hamid, I've already mentioned Hamid in the story. So I don't need to repeat Hamid, Hamid, Hamid all the time. Here if I wanted to say instead of Hamid, I want to say the pronoun, I would use the word he. He was driving to the mosque.

25:34 In the second one I would say he again. I have to use him or his. So which one do I use? I don't say him car. I say his car ran out of fuel. In the third example granddad gave he a lift would be wrong. If I said granddad gave his a lift would be wrong.

25:54 What we need to use here is granddad gave him a lift. So you can see here in English with the pronoun even though all the three pronouns are referring back to Hamid because we've already mentioned him, we are using three different pronouns to express or to indicate the same person Hamid. So with nouns in English there is no change but with pronouns there is a situation where we do change them in order to reflect the role that they're playing in the sentence.

26:23 So with pronouns in English we notice there is a need to change. So if you are my English teacher and I presented this to you, I said to you his came to me. Then I said to you I gave he. You're already panicking now. What is this man talking about? And then I say him result. Now other than pure shock at my English you'd not be able to make sense of this.

26:47 You probably have an idea of what I'm talking about. But his came to me, I gave he him result, doesn't make sense in the English language. It shows that I have no understanding of how to use the pronouns correctly in the English language. Now in English we have many different types of pronouns. The three personal sets of pronouns you can see here he, him and his. So you can see for the masculine I have three different pronouns all referring to the same.

27:15 I also have the same for example I, me and my. But for her I have she, her and her. So there's not three different ones for female but for male there is. Maybe in the old English it was, I have no idea. But you can see here that in English three different sets of pronouns are used for he, him or his. And these have different names in the English language.

27:39 Subject pronoun, object pronoun, possessive, many others as well inshallah. But you can see here we need to use different pronouns depending on the role that they're playing on in the sentence or the grammatical structure. So this to correct this you probably say here he came to me, I gave him and then you say his result.

28:05 So why am I using he in the first case? Why am I using him in the second case? Why am I using his in the third case? This is to do with the grammar or the context in which they have been used. As English speakers this is natural to you, you never need to think about it. But imagine somebody learning English who does not know when to use these and he learns that there are three or she learns there are three pronouns he, him, his.

28:30 They will get confused. So be patient with them inshallah. So you can see here he, him and his need to be used correctly. If I use them the wrong way I completely alter the meaning of the sentence or I make a mess of the meaning. So you can see here the importance of using the correct one in the correct way. It is exactly the same in Arabic.

28:50 If you used hamidun, hamidan, hamidin in the wrong place it will do two things. Either it will make the sentence meaningless or it will alter the meaning of the sentence. And it is the same thing when it comes to pronouns in the example that we can see.

29:06 This is the only example that we can illustrate where the importance of using the correct ending as far as Arabic is concerned and the correct pronoun. English primarily uses word order in order to indicate who is doing what in a sentence. For example I have two sentences here. I have Hamid helped Zaid. Please take a close look I am sure you understand this very well. The second sentence I have Zaid helped Hamid.

29:35 Now as an English speaker you have no problem easily identifying in the first sentence who is the doer and who is the object. So Hamid helped Zaid. Hamid is the doer, subject or doer. And helped is the verb. And who received the help? Zaid was the object. In the same way we have Zaid, subject, helped and we have the doer, the object at the end Hamid.

30:03 So in these two sentence examples I have changed the word order around so I have completely altered the meaning of the two sentences. But grammatically speaking they are in the same structure. I put the subject first in English, then I put the verb, then I put the object. Please remember that that is the standard English sentence structure. Hamid helped Zaid. The second example Zaid helped Hamid.

30:30 You can see here the meaning is completely different. However the grammatical structure is the same. So in English the subject always comes first, then the verb, then the object. This is the standard order of English sentences. I change the word order around, I alter the meaning of the sentence. And as long as I stick to the English structure of the sentence I can produce as many sentences as I want in the English language.

30:57 One more example to illustrate word order. Here we have Zaid ate the mango. There is no ambiguity here. Who's done the act of eating? Of course it's in the past tense. This is our verb and this is our doer of the verb because it's coming first. And this is our object.

31:17 I hope inshallah these things are easy for you to realise. So we have the doer, the verb and the object. If I were to change the order around I will end up with the mango ate Zaid. Now I have my doer, I have my verb and I have my object. So the sentence makes perfect sense. You might disagree, say that well mangoes don't eat people but you haven't seen, there may be some strange island where giant mangoes are chasing people.

31:54 You don't know. The sentence is correct. Whether you agree with the sentence or not is a different issue. So here I've changed the word order around and I've altered the meaning. And this is very very important in English. It is the word order and that's how we know who's doing what. So in the second example the mango ate Zaid. In the first example Zaid is the one who ate the mango. We know who ate it, Zaid.

32:20 In the second example we know why Zaid is missing because he's been eaten by the mango. And that is the structure of the English language. Now let us look at how Arabic does it. Even though in English we're relying on word order, Arabic does it through i'rāb and let's take some examples of that insha'Allah. We have noted that in the English structure we are dependent upon the word order. The subject coming first, then the verb, then the object.

32:47 In Arabic the word order is not what it relies upon mainly to express the role of the ism in a sentence. What in Arabic is used primarily is i'rāb. i'rāb tells us the role, the function that the ism is playing in the sentence. So take an example here, Hamid helped Zaid. Now in order to say that in Arabic I will say Nasara and I'll keep that in red insha'Allah the verb. And we have Nasara Hamidun.

33:21 Why Hamidun? Because it is the doer of the sentence. Who did he help? He helped Zaid. So it will be Zaid. Zaidan. Zaidan is the object. In the second example let's put the Hamid first, Hamidun, then we put the verb, Nasara. Who did he help? Zaid. So it will be Zaidan. Zaidan.

33:51 In the third example let's put Nasara again in the front and we'll put Zaidan first and put Hamidun at the end. Now in the all three examples that we have I hope you can easily recognise that the word order is completely different. There is no standard word order here in all three. I have jumbled up the words in different combinations. I can add more to it but three insha'Allah will suffice. So we see Nasara.

34:25 We see Hamidun at the end. That dun at the end tells us that that is our doer. So the doer of the sentence is Hamid. Doer of the verb is Hamid and in all three cases we have Hamid with the un ending. And Zaid all ending with an which you can see insha'Allah Zaidan, Zaidan, Zaidan in all three examples. Even though the word order is completely different but the meaning of the sentence is essentially the same.

34:55 Yes in Arabic insha'Allah when you get to intermediate level you realise that the word order does give us more additional subtle meaning but the basic essential meaning is exactly the same even though the word order is completely different. So this is one of the unique features of Arabic which gives it a lot of flexibility when it comes to word structure and subtleness and of course depth of meaning. So if you want to say Zaid helped Hamid in the first examples we had Hamid helped Zaid.

35:24 So here let's put Nasara in the same way as we've done before. So Zaid is doing the act. It will be Zaidun. And who is helping? Who's been helped? Hamidun. Nasara Zaidun Hamidun. In the second example we will put Zaid first Zaidun Nasara and it will put Hamid at the end.

36:02 So again you can see the order has been changed. So let's do one more example exactly the same as we had there the opposite Nasara. So you can see in the all three examples now we have the endings the same word order is completely different and therefore we have our basic meaning of Zaid helped Hamid.

36:25 Again I'll highlight Zaid here for you just to illustrate the point that it has the ending of un. So you can see here un indicates the doer un indicates the object and it is the same principle right throughout in the Arabic language. So you can see three different word orders but essentially we have the same meaning.

36:45 And this is the beauty the flexibility of the Arabic language. So please note the major difference English we use word order Arabic is not reliant upon word order but the ending at the ends of the words of the isms to indicate their role or function in a sentence. So in the examples we have here on the screen what is important to illustrate it is the Arab that is telling us who's doing what and therefore Arab is there to remove confusion.

37:14 There is no confusion now and it's making the message of the sentence very very clear for us. So I hope inshallah from these examples you can note that unless you understand or recognise Arab you will not be able to translate correctly as you will not know in this example who's doing the act who's receiving the act. There are a number of roles an ism can play in a sentence inshallah we're going to look at all of them in this course just to start you off if you can just make a note of this screen inshallah few points for yourself in a sentence whenever the ism is playing the role of the doer which we've already seen being illustrated it will always be rafa it will always be rafa please note that.

37:58 The second and the third is when we look at nominal sentence we're going to pick up in lesson number two in some detail whenever the ism plays the role of the subject or predicate of a nominal sentence inshallah you'll see it very clearly it is always rafa. So there are three roles here inshallah by the time we get to the lesson number two you'll become familiar with these concepts. As far as nasab is concerned there are many the most important one is that the object so I saw a Muslim ra'aytu musliman ra'aytu musliman object.

38:33 And the third era which is jar, jar essentially there are only two reasons in Arabic only two when an ism can be in the status of jar or in the state of jar so they are one when they come after a preposition like ala or when they're possessive when they're present both of which we've seen some examples of and inshallah we'll cover them in detail in lesson number eight nine ten and eleven. So this is the basic points that you need to know are there more

more rules than that yes there are essentially depends on how you categorise them eight roles that indicate that it will it's irab will always be rafa there are 12 for nasab and there are only two for jar again don't panic all of this is discussed in detail in this course and inshallah in the appendix of book one I've given you a summary of the entire subject or in the subject of rice. So this is the impact of role role will dictate what the irab will be

as far as the different category of ism and how they change their ending to reflect irab you will note inshallah in lesson number seven we will go through the major categories in detail however for now note that eighty five percent of them will change due based on the change at the end of the word represented by tanween so we have muslimun musliman muslimin and you have the three ending this one representing rafa this one representing nasab and this one representing jar.

40:10 I did tell you at the introduction that tanween is going to play a very important role in your studies this is an illustration of that when you add al to a word that has tanween of course the tanween will disappear in a left with oo aa and ee the irab is the same it is that tanween the al that has made the tanween disappear so eighty five percent of the categories of ism will express their irab using un an and in. So in summary role irab

what do we mean by that the role of the ism dictates its irab whether it will be rafa nasab or jar it is the category of the ism that will tell us how it will express the irab so category and expression or express the category of the ism will govern how to express its irab and these are the four points you need to remember and you will have a full mastery of the subject of irab it is not complicated as many people make it out and

it is not something that for you to give up your arabic on inshallah all it is is a different way of doing the same thing as we do in the english language so please note inshallah all of these points will be expressed to you in full detail with lots of examples and we will use mainly quranic examples as we go through the topic role irab category expression. So what we have discussed so far is summarised in this screen the subject of irab as a summary for

all of us inshallah to move forward in the study so again please note there are only three categories of irab either it will be rafa or it will be nasab or it will be jar so you can see them here rafa nasab or jar and the reason why or the role that they play i have only given a few here subject and doer object for nasab after a preposition or possessive for jar and the classical example to remember muslimun musliman muslimin.

42:16 So that summarises the topic we have been discussing so far we have been discussing role irab category and expression of course muslimun musliman muslimin expression through thanween and this is the sign example that you can see illustrated here on the screen. So when an ism is in rafa status case or whichever word that you want to use it is said to be marfoor so again another terminology for you when it is nasab we call it mansub when it is jar we call it majroor so these

are the few points of terminology that we will use throughout the course please note in most books you will have it named for example as nominative for rafa accusative for nasab and genitive for jar. I do not use those terms when teaching this subject to english speaking students the reason why I don't because most of us those who speak english have no idea what those words mean we don't use it in normal conversation and only a few very small percentage of specialists those who have studied

possibly other languages or those who have studied advanced level grammar and things like this may be aware of these terms but overwhelming majority of english speakers do not use them and when I looked into them I found that it doesn't usually translate directly with arabic so these terminologies of nominative accusative and genitive etc will just cause you more and more confusion we are going to stick with the original arabic terminology inshallah all you need to know just know their names and know how to recognise them

and again 85% is one method so alhamdulillah the others we will study as we go along with the subject so please avoid using nominative accusative and all of those terms they will just confuse you unless of course you are already familiar with those terms so use rafa nasab and jar and please note I will be using r for rafa n for nasab and j for jar or the arrow when we have a lot of text on the screen just to indicate that it is rafa nasab

and jar so this screen will give you all that you need so I hope and pray that you found this lesson of benefit it is a fundamental lesson in arabic inshallah may Allah reward you bless you for watching the videos for all your kind comments and inshallah this is lesson one I intend to complete all the lessons in the book one and then continue to book two inshallah very soon after may Allah forgive my mistakes and may Allah bless you and reward all of you for

your continued support and your messages and inshallah let's all work together and develop our understanding of quran kindly share like subscribe and encourage all our brothers and sisters to join us in learning arabic to understand quran may Allah remove all difficulty from us and make it easier and easier for us to get closer and closer to the quran every single day of our lives and may Allah grant us all the highest and the best of blessings in the dunya and in the akhira until the next

video assalamu alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh