What is a manqūṣ ism, and why does its fatḥa show?
الْقَاضِي، الدَّاعِي، السَّاقِي، الْمُهْتَدِي — a yā' at the end, a kasra before it.
| State | Sign | Example | |
|---|---|---|---|
| rafa | ḍamma | الْقَاضِي | understood — too heavy to say |
| nasab | fatḥa | الْقَاضِيَ | heard — a fatḥa is light |
| jarr | kasra | الْقَاضِي | understood — too heavy to say |
Two of the three are estimated. Only the nasab is pronounced.
Seven categories that express i'rab their own way — by letters instead of vowels, or by not showing it at all.
The reason is not impossibility this time but الثِّقَل (al-thiqal), heaviness. A ḍamma or a kasra on a final yā' is heavy to say, so it is left understood. A fatḥa is light, so it comes out.
Indefinite, the yā' disappears altogether in rafa and jarr, and the word takes tanwīn instead: قَاضٍ in rafa, قَاضٍ in jarr, but قَاضِيًا in nasab — the yā' returning the moment the light fatḥa needs it.
قَاضٍ is not majrūr — and the tanwīn is not a tanwīn of jarr.
An indefinite manqūṣ loses its yā' in both rafa and jarr, and looks identical in the two: جَاءَ قَاضٍ and مَرَرْتُ بِقَاضٍ.
Only the role separates them. The ending cannot, because the ending is the same.
And in nasab the yā' comes straight back: رَأَيْتُ قَاضِيًا.